Plant Pathology, Diseases and Immune System

Plant Physiological Disorders

Abiotic disorders can be caused by natural processes like drought, frost, snow, hail, flood and poor drainage, nutrient deficiency, and deposition of salts and minerals like sodium chloride, and gypsum. Human interruption can also cause disorders due to abiotic stress like soil compaction, pollution of air and soil, sanitization caused by irrigation and salting of roads, and excessive use of herbicides, and insecticides.