Plant Pathology, Diseases and Immune System

RNA silencing is a resistance method in genetic engineering that is used in gene therapy against fungal, viral, and bacterial infections in plants. The basic fact lies that it depends on gene expression via messenger RNA degradation and translation of small non-coding. The silencing process includes the processing of double-stranded RNA(dsRNA).

Plant small RNA is the pathway that is a very important component of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which triggers the immunity of the plant to prevent bacterial or fungal attacks. Change to small RNA expression indicates the gene silencing which is also involved in the defense pathway. The transportation of RNA during infection is facilitated by extracellular vesicles and multivesicular bodies. And this transport of RNA is bidirectional between plants and fungi.

Some of the physical barriers are maintained by the plant to prevent pathogenic attacks. This barrier includes plant cuticle, cell wall composed of (cellulose, lignin, and suberin), and antimicrobial defense chemicals like hydrogen peroxide, phytoalexins, and genistein. Antimicrobial peptides bind with the receptors of the pathogen and thus help from the microbial attack. Antimicrobial enzymes like chitinases or beta glucanases also help in the defense of plants.

R- genes (resistance genes) is produced by the plant to protect the plant from microorganism like bacteria, virus, fungus, oomycete, nematode, etc. R gene is the protein that allows the recognition of specific pathogen receptors to bind with it. R genes proteins control a broad range of disease resistance responses which can further stop the pathogen growth. R genes usually give specificity to a particular strain of microorganism. An effector can change the host cellular target and the R gene can activate the defense when it recognizes the modified form of the host species.

The plant immune system consists of two interconnected tiers of receptors one which is located inside the cell and the other outside the cell. Both the system senses the intruder and it responds by activating the antimicrobial response. Though plant immune system is somewhat similar to the immune system of mammals and insects. A defense weapon like MAMPs is considered to be a defense receptor in plants to protect them from microorganisms. Though there are many other receptor-like PAMPs and DAMPs.

Prevention is better than cure and the same applies to the plant before control measures are taken the pathogen must be detected. These include methods like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), RT-PCR, and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. The overall strategies must be applied to prevent the plant from pathogenic attack.

Use of chemical compounds either natural or synthetic can be applied to remove the disease from the plant and by their attack. This method directly removes the disease-causing organism and thus prevent the entire plant from being infected by the microorganisms like bacteria and virus.

The most effective method to prevent the plant from parasitic attack is crop rotation. For example, we can prevent the plant from infection Agrobacterium tumefaciens which is the most common agent to affect the plant causing crown gall disease. By dipping the cuttings in suspensions of Agrobacterium radiobacter before putting them in the ground.

The pathosystem is the part of the ecosystem and it is known as the phenomenon of parasitism. It is a system in which the host species is a plant. The parasite spends almost more than half of its life span in the plant utilizing the plant as its source of food for its living.

Abiotic disorders can be caused by natural processes like drought, frost, snow, hail, flood and poor drainage, nutrient deficiency, and deposition of salts and minerals like sodium chloride, and gypsum. Human interruption can also cause disorders due to abiotic stress like soil compaction, pollution of air and soil, sanitization caused by irrigation and salting of roads, and excessive use of herbicides, and insecticides.

The scientific study of plant disease is known as plant pathology and is caused by an infectious organism in affected environmental conditions. These infectious organisms can be a virus, fungi, bacteria, or parasites. It includes the study of plant disease that affects human beings and animals. The main target of researchers is to focus on pathogen-free seed and plant variety that is resistant to disease and modify them in environmental conditions to decrease disease

Biomaterials are substances that are introduced into the body for medical purposes. They help in many medical applications like cancer therapy, artificial tendons and ligaments, bone plates, and many orthopedic-related problems. It also helps in wound healing in the form of surgical sutures, nerve regeneration, and reproductive therapy such as breast implants. It also has some non-medical applications like growing cell culture and an assay of blood proteins in laboratories.

Bioinformatics is the combination of the study of data sequences with the help of a computer. It has become one of the important parts of biology. It includes techniques like image and signal processing allowing extraction of useful results from the data provided. Using the field of genetics and genomics allows sequencing and annotating genomes to observe the mutations. It is vital in the field of mining biological data to obtain the gene ontologies to query biological data. Apart from this it also helps in the analysis of gene and protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatic helps in comparing the genetic and genomic data from an evolutionary point of aspects. System biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. It is that branch of study that. Allows complex interactions within the biological system using a more modern approach than the traditional one in the field of research biology.

Agricultural biotechnology is that part of science that involves the utilization of scientific tools and techniques utilizing genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, tissue culture, and micropropagation to modify living organisms like plants, animals, and micro-organisms. Crop biotechnology is one of the methods that has been developed recently. Desired traits are corporated from one species of the crop to other. These transgenic crops are produced with the new feature of possessing favor, the color of flowers, high growth rate, high yield of product with resistance to disease and pets.

Plant biotechnology is the alteration of the genes in the plant to obtain the desired variety of results. It is the branch of science dealing with the modification or alteration of genes. It has been accustomed to improving the nutrient content of the plant or it can be in the animal. Many techniques have been introduced which range from selecting the plant with desired quality for propagation to using the methods of gene and chromosome. The main target is to create a specific plant variety. According to International Development Nation Agencies Breeding, the new plant crop variety is important in terms of ensuring food security by developing new varieties. The qualities include high quality, disease-resistant, and drought-resistant to adapt to the new environment.

Plant pathology refers to the disease caused by fungal or fungal-like organisms. Some of the serious diseases of food and feed crop are caused by viral and bacterial organisms. Some non-infectious plant diseases are classified as” abiotic” and they include damage from air pollution, due to nutrient deficiencies or toxicities and they grow under less than optimal conditions. The main category of pathogenic microbes are bacteria, viruses, and fungus. Suspicion of plant disease gives a good clue regarding pathogen Disease.

A plant pathogen is an organism that causes disease in a plant. Unlike Human and animal pathogens plant pathogens only cause harm to the plants. Though some plant pathogens make immune–depressed people human sick and they are called “trans-kingdom” pathogens. As plants are rarely cured of disease so they are first prevented from getting the disease. The main target is to identify the symptoms and control the disease.

Plant protection steps are carried out to ensure the production of plants and limit the losses of crop product production. These all measure includes plant preservation (storage protection) as well as quarantine purpose. They serve primarily to safeguard yields, although in combination with the other cultivation measures they can help to raise the yields

The plant is damaged by infectious microbes like fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The main damage is caused by the non-infectious agent which is termed “abiotic diseases” or “abiotic disorders”. The abiotic disorder includes fertility imbalance, unfavorable soil properties, moisture content, high temperature, and chemical toxicity these can even kill the plant. Thus abiotic disorders can cause plant diseases affected by infectious microbes.